CLONING

CLONING

It divides to two parts;
Reproductive Cloning: Reproductive cloning is a type of cloning which is performed for the purpose of creating a duplicate copy of another organism. It is accomplished using a process called somatic cell nuclear transfer. In 1996, Scottish researchers announced that they had successfully cloned the first mammal, a sheep who came to be known as Dolly. Numerous other mammals have been cloned since then, and cloning has become a contentious ethical and scientific issue in some parts of the world.
Therapeutic Cloning:This starts with the same procedure as is used in adult DNA cloning. The resultant embryo would be allowed to grow for perhaps 14 days. It's stem cells would then be extracted and encouraged to grow into a piece of human tissue or a complete human organ for transplant. The end result would not be a human being; it would be a replacement organ, or piece of nerve tissue, or quantity of skin. The first successful therapeutic cloning was accomplished in 2001-NOV by Advanced Cell Technology, a biotech company in Worcester, MA.
Therapeutic cloning is type cloning which is making copies of embryonic stem cell which is very usefull on saving humans because to make operation to people who needs new heart or some organ like that has to have same structure with donors. I think this is acceptable because people's life would save with this system and there is no harmfull effect about it. But I think reproductive cloning shouldn't be legal because it is not ethical. Human and all organism should be unique and although clones has same genotypes environment would affect on them so they would not be all same than the purpose would not come real. And I don't think that there is guarantee to the first cloned humans will be normal. The fetus might suffer from some disorder that is not detectable by ultrasound. They may be born disabled. Disorders may materialize later in life. Such problems have been seen in other cloned mammals. There is no reason to assume that they will not happen in humans.
Large scale cloning could deplete genetic diversity. It is diversity that drives evolution and adaptation. It prevents an entire species from disappearing because of susceptibility to a disease.
As a conclusion I think that reproductive cloning should not be occur but therapeutic cloning  is helpfull.

HUMAN GENOME PROJECT 2011

Are humans same or not???

                   

Human genome project is one of the biggest projects to find are humans has same types of genotypes and how are we different?

Humans can not be the same even if they look like same as twins their genotype always different. Lets take our favorite examples: 2 sisters are brown haired and brown eyed. These siblings have the same phenotype but since thos genes are modeled to be autosomal dominant, one of them may have 2 copies of the dominant gene and the other may have one of each but the brown dominates.

This is why genetic variability stays high in outbred populations. If you have each allele(gene copy) assorting seperately it increases the number of outcomes. This is great for overall fitness of a population. Human genome project is good example for this because you can be able to see all of humans DNA and bases.

First of all the project could done on 2003 and it was a 13-year project coordinated by the U.S. Department of Energy and the National Institutes of Health. During the early years of the HGP, the Wellcome Trust (U.K.) became a major partner; additional contributions came from Japan, France, Germany, China, and others. See our history page for more information.

Goals of the project

• identify all the approximately 20,000-25,000 genes in human DNA,
• determine the sequences of the 3 billion chemical base pairs that make up human DNA,
• store this information in databases,
• improve tools for data analysis,
• transfer related technologies to the private sector, and
• address the ethical, legal, and social issues (ELSI) that may arise from the project.

Though the HGP is finished, analyses of the data will continue for many years. Follow this ongoing research on our Milestones page. An important feature of the HGP project was the federal government's long-standing dedication to the transfer of technology to the private sector. By licensing technologies to private companies and awarding grants for innovative research, the project catalyzed the multibillion-dollar U.S. biotechnology industry and fostered the development of new medical applications.

 

17.03.2012

"Human Genome Project Information." Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Web. 20 Mar. 2012. <http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/home.shtml>. 

What is karyotype? Why is it necessary?

What is karyotype test?

It is the test which is used to identify and evaluate the size, shape and number of chromosomes in a sample of body's cells. It helps to find abnormality of chromosomes pieces which are cause of problems with a person's growth and body functions.

A karyotype  is the number and appearance of chromosomes in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell. The term is also used for the complete set of chromosomes in a species, or an individual organism. Karyotypes describe the number of chromosomes, and what they look like under a light microscope. Attention is paid to their length, the position of the centromeres, banding pattern, any differences between the sex chromosomes, and any other physical characteristics.The preparation and study of karyotypes is part of cytogenetics. ("Karyotype." Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Web. 19 Feb. 2012. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karyotype>.)

Karyotyping is the system which is  used to help us to find genetic abnormalities like down's syndrome etc. It necessary for human future babies. At this point mother and father should decide together if it should be or not and if the baby has abnormality in his/her chromosomes they should decide what should happen in that situation too. This karyotyping test is critical step is to learn if someone has down syndrome or not. Baby who would have down syndrome have an extra number 21 chromosome. In that case karyotype test tells that which form of down syndrome your future baby has and what chance is to have another child with down syndrome.

If I found out that my future child had a chromosomal abnormality that would make him or her very different from other children, I would decide to not give birth to my child because it should  be worst than any new, to hear that your child has Down syndrome. After months of waiting for a healthy baby, your world is turned upside by the news and everything that you prepare for that baby the world that you create to yourself when you hear that your baby will have down syndrome would fall down. I don't think that make a person live with down syndrome is fair for that person and their family because he/she would not be happy and their both life would not be easy.

Biomass

 In order to measure biomass, destructive techniques are used. Trees are cut down and plants are destroyed, is this unethical?

Biomass is the mass of living organisms in ecosystem and it can refer to species biomass which is the mass of species, or to community biomass is mass of all living things in the community. Biomass can be expressed as the average mass per unit area, or total mass in the community. It can be measured in terms of dried organic mass, so perhaps only %30 of the actual weight might count, the rest being water and because of the living organisms should be dried, ecologists may should kill them to do it. I think if it is just for counting biomass it is ethical because humans cutting trees for making paper, to burn them and be warm, to make furnitures with them so cutting trees for counting biomass is not carnage it is the thing that humans used to do to continue their life.

Was he RACIST?

When Linnaeus did his pioneering work on the naming and classification of living organisms, he divided Homo sapiens in for varieties, so Was Linnaeus racist , in his division of humans into four varieties or in his description of these varieties?

I think yes, because he divides that people by stereo-typing them,  ''Racism is the belief that inherent different traits in human racial groups justify discrimination. In the modern English language, the term "racism" is used predominantly as a pejorative epithet. It is applied especially to the practice or advocacy of racial discrimination of a pernicious nature (i.e. which harms particular groups of people), and which is often justified by recourse to racial stereotyping or pseudo science.'' http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racism, Linnaeus divides humans into 4 groups by looking their appereance and race, he doesn't look who are them, are they female or male, nothing different then their race so it's because I think he is racist.